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Millions of microbes colonize toothbrushes, fed by saliva, food traces and bathroom aerosols — even toilet plumes that can spray up to 1.5m. Most are harmless mouth dwellers, but studies have found pathogens including E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Candida, some carrying antibiotic resistance. While experts say the overall risk is low, it’s higher for people with weakened immunity. Let brushes air-dry upright and avoid covered containers; don’t share or let heads touch. Disinfection is mixed: microwaving can damage bristles; 1% vinegar or antiseptic mouthwash soaks reduce bacteria.

Prepared by Olivia Bennett and reviewed by editorial team.