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Facing strained air traffic control staffing during the shutdown, Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy ordered airlines at 40 major U.S. airports to cut flights starting Friday, citing safety while declining to share the data behind the decision. He later pointed to more breaches of minimum in air separation and increased tarmac incursions. Airlines must trim at least 4 percent of flights Friday, potentially 10 percent by next week, affecting commercial, cargo, private jets and even space launches. Controllers are working 10-hour days, six days a week. The FAA will fine $75,000 per flight above limits amid calls for transparency.

Prepared by Lauren Mitchell and reviewed by editorial team.