Read, Watch or Listen

A look back at the history of papal conclaves reveals a dramatic evolution. Starting with the near-three-year stalemate that led to Gregory X's election in 1274, conclaves have undergone significant changes. Key developments include the introduction of regular daily voting, secret ballots, and oaths of secrecy. Locations varied, notably during the Avignon papacy and the Western Schism. The tradition of cardinal electors dates back to 1059, with the two-thirds majority rule established in 1179. The role of the papacy itself has shifted dramatically, from wielding significant temporal power to its current focus on spiritual leadership. The history is filled with tales of ambition and moral failings, a stark contrast to many modern popes.

Prepared by Emily Rhodes and reviewed by editorial team.