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The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors discoveries explaining how the immune system targets infections without harming the body. Japanese scientist Shimon Sakaguchi and US researchers Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell identified regulatory T-cells, dubbed "security guards," that prevent autoimmune attacks. Their work is crucial for understanding immune function and developing treatments for autoimmune diseases and cancer, with the winners sharing 11 million Swedish kronor.

Prepared by Olivia Bennett and reviewed by editorial team.