Researchers have developed a new mathematical model explaining lightning formation in cloud tops. The model simulates the acceleration of electrons within thunderclouds, producing X-rays, electrons, and high-energy photons culminating in a lightning strike. This model, validated against field observations, explains the variability in lightning intensity and the occurrence of 'optically dim' TGFs. The research suggests a potential for new X-ray sources based on this lightning mechanism.

Prepared by Olivia Bennett and reviewed by editorial team.